拍品專文
The Künftige--"The Man of the Future"--is Klee's response to the call of totalitarian pseudo-utopian ideologies in the 1930s for the evolution of a "New Man," a heroic, super-powerful human being who derived his strength for work and will for self-sacrifice from an unshakable belief in the good of the collective and the infallibility of its leaders, who were, of course, Mussolini (Il Duce), Hitler (Der Fürher) and Stalin (The Father of the People). These dictators and their minions formulated the "New Man" as the ideal human product of industrial technology, genetic science and thorough indoctrination. And Klee was probably referring as well to those with inflexible ideologies on the opposite side of the political spectrum--anyone who placed the abstract concept of a perfect utopia above decent human sympathies, and a respect for individual life.
Klee's parodic version of this superman strides forth is his uniform cap, jacket, flared breeches and boots, with a zombie-like stare, and waving in the air what may be some sort of directive or manifesto, in the shape of a tiny banner. The looping and overlapping planes of Künftige describe a vision of modern man in disarray and spinning out of control. In 1933 the man of the hour, the "Man of the Future," was an Italian fascist, a Spanish falangist, a Soviet commissar, or most sinister of all, a German storm trooper, a member of the National Socialist (Nazi) paramilitary organization known as the S.A., the "brownshirts." When Hitler became Chancellor in January 1933 and assumed emergency powers, this army of thugs served as his enforcers, and began the widespread persecution of all those who did not fit their leader's conception of the "New Man."
Klee had his own run-in with the S.A. in March 1933, when some brownshirts suddenly showed up at the door of his Dessau apartment. Felix, the artist's son, recalled that the men "subjected our house to a humiliating search; they stole things, turned everything upside down, and what was far worse, confiscated our entire correspondence" (F. Klee, Paul Klee: His Life and Work in Documents, New York, 1962). On 21 April the newly appointed Nazi director of the Dusseldorf Academy suspended Klee from his teaching post.
Since his participation in the abortive left-wing revolution that took place in Munich at the end of the First World War, Klee had--in his disillusionment--avoided politics, and he remained aloof from the fray during the 1920s as contending political forces tried to gain the upper hand in the fledgling Weimar Republic. While Klee did not yet believe that Hitler could accomplish much of what he ominously promised in his ranting speeches, he suddenly felt the tide of history sweeping over him once again. He responded in his art, creating in early 1933 a series of what are known as his "Historical Drawings," pencil sketches in a Daumier-like, even Goyesque manner of scenes inspired by recent events as the Nazis imposed their ideology on everyday life in Germany.
Künftige may have been painted around this time, or possibly in the wake of the storm troopers' invasion of Klee's home. The artist's whimsical but mordant sense of humor is very much in evidence here. There is, moreover, perfect irony in the fact that Klee has depicted the "Man of the Future," not in the kind of classical realist style that the Nazis embraced as being suitable for the expression of their Aryan ideals, but in the nearly abstract, color-driven modernist style that the Nazis vilified and tried to expunge from public consciousness. Klee had already been singled out as a degenerate artist, and doubts had been raised in some quarters about his racial purity, on account of North African ancestry on his mother's side. He knew his situation in Germany was untenable. On 23 December 1933 Paul and Lily Klee left Germany, and took refuge in Switzerland, where the artist spent his remaining years.
Klee's parodic version of this superman strides forth is his uniform cap, jacket, flared breeches and boots, with a zombie-like stare, and waving in the air what may be some sort of directive or manifesto, in the shape of a tiny banner. The looping and overlapping planes of Künftige describe a vision of modern man in disarray and spinning out of control. In 1933 the man of the hour, the "Man of the Future," was an Italian fascist, a Spanish falangist, a Soviet commissar, or most sinister of all, a German storm trooper, a member of the National Socialist (Nazi) paramilitary organization known as the S.A., the "brownshirts." When Hitler became Chancellor in January 1933 and assumed emergency powers, this army of thugs served as his enforcers, and began the widespread persecution of all those who did not fit their leader's conception of the "New Man."
Klee had his own run-in with the S.A. in March 1933, when some brownshirts suddenly showed up at the door of his Dessau apartment. Felix, the artist's son, recalled that the men "subjected our house to a humiliating search; they stole things, turned everything upside down, and what was far worse, confiscated our entire correspondence" (F. Klee, Paul Klee: His Life and Work in Documents, New York, 1962). On 21 April the newly appointed Nazi director of the Dusseldorf Academy suspended Klee from his teaching post.
Since his participation in the abortive left-wing revolution that took place in Munich at the end of the First World War, Klee had--in his disillusionment--avoided politics, and he remained aloof from the fray during the 1920s as contending political forces tried to gain the upper hand in the fledgling Weimar Republic. While Klee did not yet believe that Hitler could accomplish much of what he ominously promised in his ranting speeches, he suddenly felt the tide of history sweeping over him once again. He responded in his art, creating in early 1933 a series of what are known as his "Historical Drawings," pencil sketches in a Daumier-like, even Goyesque manner of scenes inspired by recent events as the Nazis imposed their ideology on everyday life in Germany.
Künftige may have been painted around this time, or possibly in the wake of the storm troopers' invasion of Klee's home. The artist's whimsical but mordant sense of humor is very much in evidence here. There is, moreover, perfect irony in the fact that Klee has depicted the "Man of the Future," not in the kind of classical realist style that the Nazis embraced as being suitable for the expression of their Aryan ideals, but in the nearly abstract, color-driven modernist style that the Nazis vilified and tried to expunge from public consciousness. Klee had already been singled out as a degenerate artist, and doubts had been raised in some quarters about his racial purity, on account of North African ancestry on his mother's side. He knew his situation in Germany was untenable. On 23 December 1933 Paul and Lily Klee left Germany, and took refuge in Switzerland, where the artist spent his remaining years.