William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare was a playwright, poet and actor in the late 16th and early 17th centuries — England’s Elizabethan and Jacobean ages. He is widely regarded as the greatest dramatist of all time, and as England’s ‘national poet’. His 37 known plays, four poems and 154 sonnets exist today in at least 80 languages, and it is estimated that, every minute of every day, someone somewhere is performing Hamlet. Ophelia, Macbeth, Lear, Desdemona — Shakespeare’s characters are indelible. He explored human nature with sharp, often humorous insight. His vivid turns of phrase, meanwhile, still season our everyday speech. ‘A pound of flesh’, ‘a wild goose chase’, and ‘the lady doth protest too much’ all fell from his goose feather pen.

Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, in April 1564, the eldest son of John Shakespeare — a glover whose civic positions included mayor and town ‘ale taster’ — and Mary Arden, the literate daughter of gentry farmers.

By the time Shakespeare graduated from grammar school, though, his father had fallen into debt and been prosecuted for illegal wool trading and usury.

At 18, Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway (also called Agnes Hathaway), who was six years his elder and already pregnant. Two years after the birth of daughter Susanna came twins: Judith and Hamnet. In 1596, 11-year-old Hamnet died, perhaps of plague.

By then, Shakespeare was in London, though he visited Stratford regularly. With 11 plays to his name, including Romeo and Juliet and Richard III, he was well-known enough for jealous rival Robert Greene to refer to him as an ‘upstart crow’ and ‘Johannes Factotum’ (a ‘Johnny do-it-all’) in a pamphlet.

For most of his career, he wrote for a company called The Chamberlain’s Men, who had the advantage of both Richard Burbage — the star actor of his day — and, from 1599, the Globe Theatre. With the accession of James I in 1603, they became ‘The King’s Men’.

Actors rarely saw full texts, using cue cards for rehearsals, but Shakespeare’s plays were so popular that in 1592, canny printers began selling cheap, flimsy editions of his plays known as ‘quartos’, because the paper was folded into four leaves. Today, these are extraordinarily rare; some exist as a single copy. In 1623, two of Shakespeare’s actor friends, John Heminges and Henry Condell, collected 36 of his plays into more sturdy form, a book known today as the ‘First Folio’ (‘Folio’ refers to the paper size). It was prefaced by a tribute by fellow dramatist and poet Ben Jonson prophesying Shakespeare’s immortality: ‘The wonder of our Stage...He was not of an age, but for all time!

A First Folio offered at Christie’s New York in October 2020 realised $9,978,000, establishing a new world auction record not only for a First Folio but for any work of literature.

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SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616)

SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616). Comedies, Histories and Tragedies. Published according to the true Originall Copies. The second Impression . Edited by John Heminge (d. 1630) and Henry Condell (d. 1627). London: Printed by Thomas Cotes, for Robert Allot, 1632.

SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616)

[SHAKESPEARE, William]. Manuscript part for a contemporary analogue to Henry IV, part I, n.p. [perhaps Oxford or London], n.d. [c.1580s-before c.1620].

The Second Folio

SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616). The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark. As it is now Acted at his Highness the Duke of York's Theatre . London: for H. Heringman and R. Bentley, 1683.

SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616) & John FLETCHER (1579-1625). The Two Noble Kinsmen: presented at the Blackfriers by the Kings Maiesties servants, with great applause . London: Tho. Cotes for John Waterson, 1634.

SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616). The Late, and much admired play, called Pericles, Prince of Tyre . [London: William Jaggard] for T[homas] P[avier], 1619.

SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616). The Comedie of Errors [extracted from: Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies . London: Isaac Jaggard and Edward Blount, 1623].

SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616)

[SHAKESPEARE, William] – William Henry IRELAND (1775-1835). Autograph manuscripts, in his own hand and that of 'William Shakespeare', n.p., dated 1797 [apparently after 1804], comprising:

SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616)

SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616). The Tragedie of Hamlet Prince of Denmarke . Weimar: Cranach Press, 1930.

The Tempest

[SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616)]

[SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616)] – TATE, Nahum (1652-1715). The History of King Lear. Acted at the Duke's Theatre. Reviv'd with alterations. By N. Tate . London: for E. Flesher, to be sold by R. Bentley and M. Magnes, 1681.

SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616). The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark. As it is now acted by Her Majesties Servants . London: printed for Rich. Wellington and E. Rumball, 1703.

SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616). Original Leaves from the First Four Folios of the Plays of William Shakespeare, 1623, 1632, 1663, 1685 . San Francisco: Grabhorn Press for David Magee, 1935.

SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616). Othello, the Moor of Venice, a tragedy. As it hath been divers times acted at the Globe, and at the Black-Friers: and now at the Theatre Royal, by Her Majesties servants. London: R. Wellington, 1705.

[SHAKESPEARE, William – Sir Thomas PHILLIPPS (1792-1872)]. A collection of manuscript notes and printed pedigree documents for the families of Shakespeare and Phillipps, c.1854-c.1864.

DRYDEN, John (1631-1700). A collection of 15 plays.all written or adapted by Dryden, including:

[SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616)] – DAVENANT, Sir William (1606-1668) and John DRYDEN (1631-1700). The Tempest, or the Enchanted Island. A comedy as it is now acted at His Highness the Duke of York's Theatre . London: by J. Macock for Henry Herringman, 1676.

ZAO WOU-KI (1920-2013). XXIV Sonnets de Shakespeare . Traduction par Yves Bonnefoy. Paris : Les Bibliophiles de France, 1994.

SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616). The Plays and Poems of William Shakespeare . Philadelphia: printed and sold by Bioren and Madan, 1795-1796.

SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616). The Dramatic Works of Shakespeare revised by George Steevens . London: W. Bulmer and Co., Shakespeare Printing-Office, for John and Josiah Boydell, George and W. Nicol, from the types of W. Martin, 1802.

[CHAGALL] -- SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616). The Tempest. Monte Carle: Sauret, 1975.

SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616) [and John FLETCHER (1579-1625)] – THEOBALD, Lewis (1688-1744). Double Falshood; or, The Distrest Lovers. A Play, As it is Acted at the Theatre-Royal in Drury-Lane . London: J. Watts, 1728.

DOYLE, Sir Arthur Conan (1859-1930). Autograph manuscript signed ('Arthur Conan Doyle') of a poem, 'Shakespeare's Expostulation', Windlesham, Crowborough, n.d. [c. March 1909];

GROMAIRE, Marcel (1892-1971) et William SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616)

[BRUNELLESCHI] -- SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616). Le Songe d'une nuit d'été. Illustré de gouaches en couleurs de Brunelleschi . Paris: Georges Guillot, 1947.

[SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616)] – SEDLEY, Charles (1639-1701). Antony and Cleopatra: A Tragedy. As it is Acted at the Dukes Theatre . London: printed for Richard Tonson, 1677.

SHAKESPEARE, William (1564-1616). [Six plays in one volume]. London: 1777-1780.

William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

CHAGALL, Marc (1887-1985) et William SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616)